Type XXI U-Boats |
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Battle of the AtlanticThe End for the U-BoatsThe end drew steadily near for the U-boats. Everywhere that Donitz looked, his U-boat war was foundering. The Allies kept adding new escorts, developed new weapons and perfected the convoy system which easily defeated the wolf packs. Allied shipbuilding capacity continued at a rapid pace, and by this time it had become almost impossible for U-boats to keep up with the tonnage race. Beginning June 1943, the U-boat force took another blow. In that month, the British Admiralty changed naval codes, and the German code breaking service, B-Dienst, which had been reading much of Allied traffic since February 1942 could no longer provide decrypts of Allied messages. This incalculable setback meant that BdU was deprived of valuable tactical information. Up to the end of the war, the Germans were not able to break the new Allied naval code. This seesaw battle of code breaking also saw the Allies decidedly triumphant when Bletchley Park penetrated the four wheel Enigma during the same month. The German situation at the Atlantic was open to Allied observers and the position of every U-boat was closely tracked on a daily basis. The Allies were clearly winning the war and were becoming bolder in their approach. From intercepted communications, the Americans launched an offensive against the German U-tankers, which were still strategically scattered throughout the Atlantic. In that summer of 1943, American hunter-killer groups consisting of escort carriers and destroyers systematically located and destroyed the U-tankers, virtually eliminating them from the Atlantic. The destruction of the tankers was a strategic step forward. U-boats could no longer reach distant shores, and with the threat of these areas now neutralized, the Allies were free to concentrate their resources on areas still within range of the U-boats. The British were cautious that the sudden demise of the U-tankers would alert the Germans of their new found ability to intercept Enigma messages. Nevertheless, Donitz failed to realize that their communications had been compromised. |
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The German response was threefold - the development of new weapons, new devices and a new submarine design. In the field of weaponry, a new acoustic homing torpedo was introduced. The T5 or Zaunkonig was a specialized anti-escort torpedo which would home in on the propeller noise of surface ships. The later improved version (Zaunkonig II) could be fired from up to a depth of 50 meters. To defeat Allied aircraft, Flak U-boats were introduced in May 1943 and anti-aircraft armament on existing attack boats were upgraded. However, even with the improved anti-aircraft weaponry, U-boats were still very vulnerable to air-attack. New devices were introduced to combat the effectiveness of Allied equipment. Radar decoys, such as the “Aphrodite” and “Thetis“ fooled Allied radar into thinking that a U-boat was present. This consisted of several strips of aluminum foil attached to a line or wooden pole that hovered just above the water. It was kept in place either by a float or balloon. The idea was to send Allied pilots on wild-goose chases and for U-boats to show up all over the Atlantic on Allied radar. Sonar decoys such a “BOLD” also entered service which would fool enemy sonar about the presence of an underwater U-boat. A new radar detector was developed to complement the now ineffective Metox. The NAXOS was more accurately tuned to Allied radar and could reliably detect radar signals up to five kilometers away. But the scientists’ main accomplishment was in the introduction of the Snorkel device. Originally developed by the Ducth Navy, this device allowed a submerged U-boat to draw in outside air via a tube which extended above the water. A U-boat could now run its powerful diesel engines or recharge its batteries while remaining safely submerged. However the snorkel was more of a defensive device and did nothing to contribute to a boat’s attack ability. Finally, the greatest effort was in the development of a true submarine, instead of the mere submersibles of the U-boats. What Donitz desperately wanted was a vessel that could travel rapidly underwater, stay there for weeks and attack while submerged. Since the summer of 1942, German scientists had been researching on a new air-independent propulsion system, dubbed the Walter System. However, this propulsion system used hydrogen peroxide, a highly volatile material and a complex system of drives which might take years to perfect. The Walter system was not approved for construction, but from that project, a new development on an advanced prototype which would represent a new stage of submarine design was born. |
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Dubbed the “Elektroboat”, this would soon become the world’s first true submarine, capable of revolutionary underwater speeds, very long underwater endurance and the capability to attack completely blind while submerged. This suited Donitz’s requirements well and so promising were these designs that construction for all older types were cancelled, except for those already under construction and for a handful of others for specific purposes. All resources were to be given over to the production of the Type XXI and its smaller cousin, the Type XXIII. Concurrently, new prefabrication methods cut construction time almost in half, but even at that, no Elektroboat was expected to be ready for almost another year. The reality was, Germany did not have another year. By June 1944, the Allies invaded France and forced U-boats stationed there to flee their French bases. Constant bombing raids on German dockyards disrupted power, railway lines and halted constructions. Many Elektroboats were sunk in harbor, some already completed and outgoing fitting out and some while undergoing training. Only two Type XXIs and eight Type XXIIIs had entered service. Given their limited deployment, these new revolutionary boats were quite successful and would have caused the Allies much problems. But there were never enough of these around to cause any real difference to the war. In September 1943, Donitz renewed his attacks in the North Atlantic. Armed with new weapons, new devices and high expectations, the wolf packs commenced their attack against Allied convoys, but the entire effort collapsed under the sheer numbers of Allied escorts and aircraft. By the end of the 1943, more U-boats were being lost than Allied ships and through to spring of 1944, very few convoys were intercepted and none successfully attacked. Only once more, in the following of March, would U-boats sink more than 100,000 tons of shipping. The liberation of France forced U-boats to retreat to bases in Norway or the German North Sea coast, further shrinking their operational reach. As further testament, between June and August 1944, U-boats deployed against the Normandy invasion sank five escorts, twelve merchant ships and twelve landing craft, while losing twenty boats of their own. From then on, the situation for the U-boats was hopeless. There was nothing the U-boats could do to save Germany. From the east, the Soviets marched on, while British and American troops closed from the west. On May 4th 1945 at 3.14pm, Donitz broadcasted his final message, “You have fought like lions. Unbeaten and unblemished, you lay down your arms after a heroic battle without equal”. The surviving U-boats were ordered to cease hostilities and to sail to the nearest Allied harbor, flying a black flag for surrender. Instead of surrender, seven sailed to neutral ports, and 221 scuttled their craft. Of the 1,155 U-boats Germany sent into combat, 725 had been sunk in the longest battle of the war. Lasting nearly six years, over 35,000 German sailors had put to sea, with 28,744 never returning – a death rate of 82 percent, the highest casualty rate of any armed forces of any conflict in the history of modern war. Yet in this appalling casualty rate, there was never any shortage of men to enlist in the U-boat service, and until the very last day, the men of the U-boat service stood ready to put to sea at a moments notice. |
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World War I and World War II Torpedoes
German Torpedos manufactured prior to the end of World War II were designated as to their diameter, length and propulsion. Modifications were usually, but not always, denoted by T numbers. Standard designations were as follows: Diameter: F = 45 cm, G = 50 or 53.3 cm, H = 60 cm, J = 70 cm and M = 75 cm For example, the designation G7e T2 meant that the torpedo was 53.3 cm (21") in diameter, was about 7 meters long, had an electric motor and was the second modification to the original design. The outfit for U-Boats was at least four electric torpedoes for every wet-heater while surface ships used only wet-heaters. Schnellbootes (E-boats) used primarily wet-heaters, although electrics were also issued. Italian torpedoes used by the Germans were denoted by the manufacturer, w for Whitehead (Fiume) and i for Silurificio Italiano (Naples). During World War II, over sixty different torpedo designs were tested, 16 using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Monthly production rose from 70 before the war to 1,000 by the spring of 1941, to a peak of 1,700 in 1943 and then fell to 1,400 during 1944. Total production of 53.3 cm (21") torpedoes was about 70,000. However, not counting those expended for testing, destroyed in bombed depots or lost in sunken ships, wartime expenditures were just over 10,000 of which about 7,000 were electric G7e, 2,300 wet-heater G7a and 640 electric acoustic homing T5 (Zaunkönig 1). Manufacturing took place at Deutsche Weke Kiel, Julius Pintsche Berlin, Auto-Union Zwickau, Borgward Bremen and Planeta Dresden. Post-World War II Torpedoes German torpedoes are named after sea animals. |
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World War I Torpedoes
Most German torpedoes designed before 1906 used three-cylinder radial engines based upon the Brotherhood system, which used compressed air as a power source. Later versions used a Brotherhood four-cylinder central crank engine which had increased power. After 1906, German designs used wet-heater motors. These pre-heated the air being fed into the engine, significantly increasing the range of the torpedo. World War II Torpedoes During World War II, submarines generally carried electric motor torpedoes, as these made little noise and were essentially wakeless. Surface ships did not use these as it was felt that the shock of the torpedo hitting the water would rupture the batteries. Instead, surface ships used wet-heater engines notable for using Decalin (decahydronaphthalene) instead of kerosene for fuel. Much research was performed upon hydrogen peroxide fuels during World War II, but no torpedo using this fuel ever entered service. Post-World War II Torpedoes Post-war designs rely upon silver-zinc batteries for power. |
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World War I Torpedoes
The standard explosive charge was 60% TNT and 40% hexanitrodiphenylamine in blocks. This had first been developed by the Germans in 1907 and was very resistant to shock. This explosive was about 7% more powerful than 100% TNT. World War II Torpedoes SW18: 50% TNT, 24% HND, 15% Aluminum HND = Hexanitrodiphenylamine. |
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World War II Torpedoes
The failure of the German Magnetic Pistol and backup striker gear is well known. The Magnetic Pistol was withdrawn in 1940 and did not reappear until 1943. However, Italian aerial torpedoes with a different kind of magnetic pistol were used by the Germans throughout the war. The best of the German Magnetic Pistols was the TZ5 used in the T5 torpedo. It was basically a metal detector with two coils. An improved model TZ6 could be fitted to any 21" (53.3 cm) torpedo but was only approved for use as the war ended. Most torpedoes used whisker-type impact pistols, but these could not be used on homing torpedoes. Instead, homing torpedoes used an inertial pistol located at the rear of the warhead. |
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U-boot warfareType XVIII U-bootThe XVIII was the first operational submarine design to use the Walter drive. The Walter engine used hydrogen peroxide for combustion, instead of outside air. Hydrogen peroxide is a liquid that can be stored in tanks aboard a submarine, but it also highly reactive and therefore dangerous. With the Walter engine the Type XVIII reached a speed of 24 knots underwater, but it was considered too dangerous. Orders for this type were cancelled in favour of the type XXI.
In a different category were the FAT and LUT devices. Fitted to standard torpedoes, these caused them to run in a preset pattern, instead of a straight line. They were intended for use against convoys. |
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The Next few Submarines are from the Royal Navy's WW II Fleet
HMS/M L26 Single hull, saddle tank submarines, improvements of the famous E Class of WW1. 36 boats built, of which three - L23, L26 and L27 - were still in service in 1939. Used mainly for training. |
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HMS/M Rorqual Porpoise Class minelaying boat, one of six (others were Narwhal, Porpoise, Grampus, Seal and Cachalot) |
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HMS/M Clyde One of the three River Class, (others were Thames and Severn). Double-hull, ocean-going boats, designed for long range and high speed. See Clyde. Severn and Clyde survived the war and were scrapped in 1946 in Ceylon and South Africa respectively. Thames had been lost on mines off Norway in 1940. |
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HMS/M Regent Very similar to the P Class, the R Class comprised Rainbow, Regulus, Regent and Rover |
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HMS/M Scorcher |
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HMS/M Sturgeon |
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HMS/M Thorn Lost in August 1942 in Mediterranean. |
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HMS/M Seraph in 1944 already with some streamlining, for use as a fast target to simulate newer U-boats. |
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